Tonton Macoute - Wikipedia
Duvalier authorized the Tontons Macoutes to commit systematic violence, terrorism, and human rights abuses to suppress political opposition. They were responsible for unknown numbers of …
François Duvalier - Wikipedia
François Duvalier (French pronunciation: [fʁɑ̃swa dyvalje]; 14 April 1907 – 21 April 1971), also known as Papa Doc, was a Haitian politician and voodooist who served as the president of …
Duvalier family - Wikipedia
The Duvalier family popularly known as Duvalier family (French: Dynastie des Duvalier, Haitian Creole: Dinasti Duvalier) was an autocratic hereditary dictatorship in Haiti that lasted almost 29 …
Military regimes and the Duvaliers - Encyclopedia Britannica
6 天之前 · Haiti under Duvalier was, in effect, a police state. During Duvalier’s time in power, Haiti experienced increasing international isolation, renewed friction with the Dominican Republic, …
François “Papa Doc” Duvalier (1907-1971) - Blackpast
2009年6月19日 · Dr. François Duvalier, also known as “Papa Doc,” was the president of Haiti from 1957 to 1971. His regime was notorious for its autocratic and corrupt rule. Born on April …
The Tonton Macoutes: The Central Nervous System of Haiti’s …
2010年3月11日 · Haiti’s military began to steadily lose a great deal of authority with the consolidation of the François Duvalier regime, which it would not recover until 1986, when the …
Tonton Macoutes - Encyclopedia.com
2018年5月21日 · Tonton Macoutes (tŏntŏn´ mäkōōt´) [Haitian Creole,=bogeymen], personal police force of dictator Francois Duvalier [1] (Papa Doc) of Haiti. Unpaid volunteers who were …
The Tonton Macoutes -- Duvalier's bogeymen - UPI
1986年2月7日 · They were the 15,000-member Tontons Macoutes -- literally 'bogeymen' in Haitian Creole -- and formed a private army and secret police for the Duvalier family, the …
Haiti End of the Duvalier Era - TIME
1986年2月17日 · Protesters throughout the capital called for “death to the Tonton Macoutes,” the secret police that had protected the Duvalier family for 28 years. Terrified by the mob’s fury, …
HAITI: DUVALIER'S PRIMITIVE TOTALITARIAN STATE
2016年12月19日 · Duvalier's creation of two counterforces, the civil militia and the secret police "Service Du- valier," has further undercut mil- itary authority. The 5-7,000-man militia is …