Multidimensional composite pain scales are used to carry out an objective pain evaluation of the animal and allow the intensity of the pain to be quantified: generally, the higher the score, the ...
Background: Numerical rating scales (NRS), and verbal rating scales (VRS) showed to be reliable and valid tools for subjective cancer pain measurement, but no one of them consistently proved to be ...
(VRS): Verbal Rating Scales; (BP-EP): Breakthrough or intense Episodic Pain; (CI): Confidence Interval. CB participated in the design of the study, performed the statistical analysis and drafted ...
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